Aktuella projekt
Bortom trädgården: En ekokritisk undersökning av tidigbysantinsk kristendom (Vetenskaprådet)
Thomas Arentzen
Vi lever mitt i en tilltagande ekologisk kris. Världens framtid beror i stor utsträckning på hur människorna i vår tid svarar på de utmaningar som människor själv orsakar. För att kunna reagera på ett adekvat sätt måste vi ompröva och diskutera vårt mänskliga samspel med miljön omkring oss, såväl nu som tidigare. Krisen handlar inte bara om vad vi gör, utan djupast sett rör det sig om hela vår föreställningsvärld, hur vi tänker och hur vi uppfattar oss själva som naturliga varelser. Därför frågar sig detta projekt: Vilken ekologisk föreställningsvärld finns i vårt arv och vår historia?
Bortom trädgården är en studie av bysantinska kristna textkällor. Det undersöker hur man inom den framväxande kristna religionen i senantiken kunde tänka och tala om relationen mellan människan och de övriga delarna av den naturliga världen, särskilt träd. Från ett mytologiskt perspektiv var människan inte längre en del av den harmoniska trädgård som den kristna Bibeln kallar för Eden. Men själva trädgården förblev en mycket potent bild i den bysantinska fantasin; både den sekulära och den religiösa varianten signalerade lust, välbefinnande, glädje och harmoni. Det kristna evangeliet innebar att trädgården på något sätt var på väg att öppnas igen; på så sätt befann sig de tidigbysantinska kristna med en fot i en kaotisk vildmark och en fot i en harmonisk trädgård. Hur uppfattade man att interaktionen mellan de skapta tingen och varelserna artade sig i det idylliska paradiset? Och än viktigare: Hur uppfattade de bysantinska människorna sitt liv bortom denna lustträdgård, och hur relaterade människor, djur och växter till varandra utanför trädgårdens ljuvliga gränser, enligt tidens texter? Var djur och växter endast ”resurser” för mänsklig utnyttjande, eller hade de ett eget värde och ett eget initiativ? Dessa frågor ställs inom projektet. Syftet är att undersöka hur antropocentrisk den tidigbysantinska världsbilden var. Idag föreställer vi oss gärna att den tidigkristna världsbilden liknade vår egen lite mer än den i själva verket gjorde. Även historiker har antagit att den moderna antropocentrismen har sina historiska röter i den kristna religionen. Lynn White Jr. antydde för några decennier sedan att ”to a Christian a tree can be no more than a physical fact”. Är det verkligen så? Har kristna alltid uppfattat träd endast som en ansamling stoff, en koncentration av råmaterial? Det finns flera berättelser från bysantinsk kristendom som pekar åt andra håll.
Jungfru Marias mirakel: medeltida berättelser på vandring genom tid och rum
Ewa Balicka-Witakowska
Projektet, som initierades 2016, fokuserar på samlingar av mycket populära religiösa berättelser som beskriver mirakulösa gärningar av Jungfru Maria. Hela denna corpus består av ett stort antal samlingar och en del spritt material, men om man spårar corpusen tillbaka till sitt ursprung kan man urskilja en kärna om c:a 20 berättelser. Denna kärna dateras vanligen till 1100-talets Frankrike och Spanien under en epidemi av ergotism (s.k. Antoniuseld). De blev mycket populära och fick en vid spridning, på latin eller folkspråk, över hela Europa. Med tiden blev denna västliga tradition känd också i Bysans och postbysantinska grekisktalande världen, som hade sin egen tradition av berättelser om Mariamirakel. Huvudsakligen genom grekiska översättningar når berättelserna den slaviska världen och den kristna orienten. Överallt berikades de med nya berättelser, vanligen kopplade till platser där Mariakulten blomstrade. Följaktligen finns mirakelsamlingar bevarade både på de flesta europeiska och på flera orientaliska språk och det finns samlingar som innehåller fyra hundra berättelser. Parallellt med texternas utveckling och spridning utarbetades olika sätt att illustrera texterna enligt lokala bildtraditioner. Mariaskulpturer och mariabilder (mariaikoner) och händelser kring dem blev i sin tur stoff till nya legender som gav ett tillskott till redan existerande mirakelsamlingar.
I sin helhet presenterar denna mirakel-corpus ett multifacetterat lingvistiskt, historiskt och antropologiskt forskningsmaterial ett stort antal och problemställningar som kan betraktas från olika synvinklar. Av speciellt intresse är undersökningar av följande ämnen: berättelsernas uppkomst, traderingsvägar och spridning; deras reception och anpassning till olika miljöer (vilket resulterade i olika språkvarianter av samma berättelse); uppkomsten av samlingar i vilka skildringar från västerländska och österländska traditioner blandas; klassificering av topoi i mirakelberättande; mirakel som återberättas i poetisk form; urval av mirakel som inkorporerades i predikosamlingar och legendsamlingar; kultens, den teologiska diskursens och den liturgiska textens inverkan på mirakelberättelsernas innehåll; socio-religiösa förutsättningar för och behov av skapandet av ”arketypiska” mirakel; mirakelberättandets kulturella funktion.
Ovannämnda ämnen tas upp och diskuteras på återkommande internationella konferenser och workshops. Fyra sammankomster har hittills organiserats: Uppsala, Maynooth (Irland), Rennes och Bukarest (för de två sistnämnda konferenserna publiceras proceedings). Den femte konferensen kommer att äga rum våren 2022 vid Turins universitet. Mera ingående information om projektet, dess utveckling och deltagare hittas på projektets hemsida.
Dessutom har grunden lagts till en flerspråkig databas för jämförande studier av texter, med referenser till redan existerande enheter för vissa språk. Den är knuten till Uppsala universitet och är sedan början av 2021 öppen för intresserade forskare här (inloggning: guest/guest). Ett liknande forskningsredskap planeras för bildmaterial.
Research Group: Values and Emotions in Ancient Greek Philosophy and Literature
The research group Values and Emotions in Ancient Greek Philosophy and Literature gathers scholars working on topics at the intersection of the affective sciences (esp. philosophy of emotion) and philology. Participants pursue projects within the following four areas of interest:
- Conceptual history. Historical research involving analysis of specific evaluative and emotional terms, concepts and categories in ancient texts and the folk-psychological structures that underlie them.
- The Language of evaluation. Analysis of appraisal/evaluation/stance or expressions of emotion on all levels of linguistic description in ancient languages.
- Rhetoric, poetics and narratology. How and why values and emotions are represented, expressed or evoked in ancient texts.
- History of value- and emotion theorization. Reconstruction, exegesis, evaluation and contextualization of ancient theories about value or emotion (or specific values or emotions)
We organize 4–5 Greek Research seminars on these themes per term, co-organize interdisciplinary events with other departments in Uppsala and meet weekly for discussions and collaborative projects. If you are interested in joining, visiting or learning more about our activities, please contact Eric Cullhed <eric.cullhed@lingfil.uu.se>.
Eustathius’ Commentary on the Odyssey
Being Moved
Archaic Shades of Beauty
Emotioner hos Homeros
Yves Diop
Mina forskningsintressen rör emotioner, narratologi, och retorik. I mitt avhandlingsarbete om emotioner hos Homeros undersöker jag dels hur de representeras på karaktärs- och berättarnivå, dels framkallas hos åhörare och läsare. Ett centralt tema är hur berättarteknik och formella egenskaper hos texterna formar berättelserna på sätt som kan framkalla estetiska och epistemiska emotioner hos läsare.
The Motherhood of Slaves and Freedwomen in Roman society
Lisa Hagelin
Lisa Hagelin is currently involved in the development of the collaborative research network InterMoMa – supporting studies of intersectional motherhood in the ancient and medieval period at the Universities of Cyprus and Uppsala. Hagelin has long experience of studying the social history of ancient society, focusing especially on slaves and freedmen in Roman society. Having focused on the fatherhood of Roman freed slaves, she will now explore the motherhood of slaves and freedwomen in Roman society.
Roman slaves did not have the right over their own body and reproduction, as they could not engage in a marriage that was legally valid, and any children they might have were the property of the female slave’s owner. Nevertheless, slaves often commemorated family members in epitaphs, using terms such as mater (mother) pater (father) filius/a (son/daughter) even though legally they had no kin. This shows that the family was important for slaves and of crucial importance for their identity. For slaves, their families constituted a fundamental survival mechanism, but families provided a fragile buffer, completely at the mercy of the master. Forced separation of family members can be perceived as an absolute reminder of a slave’s dependent status. The manumission gave the former slave the control of his/her body and with this came also the mastery of their own reproduction. Matrimony played a vital part in the constructions of gender identities in ancient societies. Thus, if and when a slave was manumitted and obtained freedom, s/he also achieved a desired gender identity. That the family was of crucial importance can be seen in the epigraphic material from Roman slaves and freedmen, where family relations are often emphasized.
The Life of St. Nicholas of Stoudios (BHG 1365)
Johan Heldt
Avhandlingen består av en textkritisk utgåva (med engelsk översättning och noter) av biografin över Nikolaos Studiten (BHG 1365). Nikolaos levde 793–868 och hans biografi skrevs troligen ca. 930 av en munk i Stoudios-klostret i Konstantinopel.
The didactic world of Symeon Seth’s Stephanites kai Ichnelates: Retracing Arabic and Old Indian wisdom in the Byzantine Empire
Lilli Hölzlhammer
This doctoral project aims to uncover the scholastic interest that has led to the adaptation of the Pañcatantra via the Arabic Kalīla wa-Dimna into the Byzantine Stephanites kai Ichnelates. It also has the goal of discovering its most likely Arabic predecessors. By focusing on its didactic narrative strategies with an analysis of the full Greek text it will be possible to demonstrate how the narrative complexity of the text translates into its ability to absorb the knowledge and values of different cultures. Furthermore, it will be possible to discuss the hybridity of the text that bears resemblance to a collection of fables as well as to a mirror of princes.
Retracing connections: Arabic hagiography
Miriam Lindgren Hjälm
This project is part of the RJ sponsored Retracing connection program. It focuses on the Arabic reception of the Greek Life of Theodore of Edessa and on Arabic menologia in the Rūm Orthodox (i.e. byzantine/Melkite) communities under Muslim rule.
Early Christian Arabic translators often allowed for a remarkable freedom vis à vis their source texts and the Life of Theodore makes no exception. Through these re-writings, the modern reader who follows and tries to retrace the journey of the text as it travels from the imperial heartland to its outskirts and beyond, catches glimpses of various world views and changing landscapes. The project aims at identifying the conceptual and narratological “rifts” or adaptations that occur in the process. In addition, it will edit and translate the Arabic text (using Sinai Arabic 551 as the base text) and analyze the re-writing of biblical stories in it.
At a later stage, the project will collect and analyze Christian Arabic menologia with the aim of systematizing the Arabic reception of this important liturgical work.
Att spåra förbindelser: den bysantinska berättarvärlden på grekiska, arabiska, georgiska och fornkyrkoslaviska (ca 950-1100) (RJ)
Ingela Nilsson
Retracing connections is a long-term international, interdisciplinary research programme funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond and administered by Uppsala University, in collaboration with the the University of Southern Denmark, the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, the Swedish Institute at Athens. Through the work on narrative materials in four medieval languages, the programme will produce new methodological and technical tools, as well as editions and databases to help scholars approach stories that traveled between premodern languages and cultures.
During the long eleventh century (c. 950–c. 1100 CE), a host of core narratives that form the substructure of what we know today as Christian Orthodox culture were established in the ‘Byzantine’ world. Some were old stories that were systematically codified or rewritten, others were newly created or imported from other traditions. They concerned saints and commoners, heroes and devils, intellectuals and lunatics, in recognizably social settings or in various landscapes of fantasy. These storyworlds cut across secular and religious lines, involved verbal and pictorial arts, encompassed a variety of communities, from aristocratic settings to the common church-goer and school pupil. Most significantly, these storyworlds occasioned intense translation activity, from and into the languages of Byzantine or Byzantinizing Christians: Greek, Arabic, Georgian, and Old Slavonic.
By bringing together a diverse group of researchers and producing studies, presentations, and editions in printed and virtual media we hope to revive, preserve, and present to modern audiences this largely forgotten, but influential cultural production as an entangled unity. We combine different methodologies and perspectives (storytelling and modern narratology, the study of translation and rewriting, and the study of medieval book, writing, and performance cultures) as well as focus simultaneously on the four main relevant traditions (in Greek, Arabic, Georgian, and Old Slavonic).
Prof. Ingela Nilsson focuses on the core problems of the narratological team: the definition and understanding of cross-cultural and cross-lingustic story-worlds & the significance of linguistic code-switching in relation to narratological techniques. She is responsible for the narratological commentary to the Greek version of the Life of Theodore of Edessa. For the sake of clarity, the commentary departs from the Greek version, The comparative aspects are studied in collaboration with other participants in the programme working on the respective languages.
A literary study of Christos Paschon (12th c.)
Terése Nilsson
Syftet med detta avhandlingsprojekt är att undersöka Christos Paschon, ‘Kristi lidande’, som i handskriftstraditionen enhälligt attribuerats till Gregorius av Nazianz (ca 330–ca 390), men som numera anses vara av betydligt senare datum och troligen komponerades på 1100-talet. Texten har kallats både en euripidesisk cento, där ungefär en tredjedel av versraderna lånats från olika verk av den antike tragöden, och ett kristet drama, som berättar of Kristi gripande, död, gravsättning och uppståndelse. Ingen fullständig litterär studie har genomförts av de 2600 verserna som är skrivna på bysantinsk dodekasyllabisk vers, ett tolvstavigt versmått med bakgrund i den jambiska trimeter som använder i antika tragedier. En analys av såväl struktur som innehåll i Christos Paschon kommer därför att utföras,i förhoppningen att kunna besvara frågor som gäller vilket slags text det handlar om (tragedi? cento? båda? eller något annat?) och därmed också ytterliga belysa frågan om i vilken period en sådan text kan ha skrivits.
Brev och representationer av kulturella identiteter i Alexanderromanen: senantika receptioner
Antonios Pontoropoulos
Projektet undersöker ett par fiktiva brev och deras representationer av kulturella identiteter i kontexten av den så kallade Alexanderromanen som är en fiktionaliserad biografi av Alexander den store. I Alexanderromanen inkluderas 35 fiktiva brev, de cirkulerades delvis som självständiga epistolära text i stora antikbrevsamlingar. Syftet är att se hur epistolära texter och deras litterära motiv strukturerar textens kulturära överföring och reception i olika historiska och litterära miljöer. Projektet fokuserar på brev som ingår i den s.k. β- recensionen från Bysans (500-hundratalet ef.Kr.) och på en senantik text på latin, med namnet De rebus gestis Alexandri Macedonis translatae ex Aesopo Graeco, som tillskrivs Julius Valerius (400-hundratalet e.kr.). Projektet är ett betydande bidrag till studier av brevlitteratur och Alexanderromanen.
Fragmentation of the self in ancient Greece and China
Sanja Särman
Can representing the self as fragmentary be conducive to the realisation of value? This project investigates representations of apparently fragmented selves from a normative point of view. Philosophical and philological research methods are combined to study literary representations of multiple psychic centers, primarily in ancient Greek texts.
The project consists of three parts. The first part explores the apparent fragmentation of the self in Homeric epics (first year). The second part comparatively investigates the same topic in the Zhuangzi (second year). The third part seeks to establish the contemporary relevance of these ancient ontologies of selfhood by entering into dialogue with modern-day theories of self-regarding duties in moral philosophy (constantly ongoing). The research is conducted within the group Ancient Values and Emotions (Uppsala University) organised by Eric Cullhed.
Medieval Smyrna / İzmir: The Transformation of a City and its Hinterland from Byzantine to Ottoman Times (MESMY)
Myrto Veikou
Dr Myrto Veikou is a Cooperation Partner in a new project investigating the history and archaeology of the hinterland of Izmir in Turkey. The project is led by Prof. Dr. Andreas Külzer, at the Austrian Academy of Science (Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research). It is funded by the FWF (Austrian Science Fund) for a duration of four years (2021–2024).
Smyrna/Izmir, nowadays the third most populated city and a bustling economic center in modern Turkey, is situated in one of the Mediterranean’s most exciting crossroads of cultures littered with remains of ancient sites and monuments of different periods. There is a long tradition of archaeological research on classical, Hellenistic, and early Christian sites of the region; and Smyrna’s significance as an international hub of trade in the late Ottoman Empire have attracted the interest of numerous scholars. Since 2008, the Tabula Imperii Byzantini (TIB) project at the Austrian Academy of Sciences has been focusing on the historical geography of Western Asia Minor in Late Antiquity and Byzantine times and has been gathering the surviving written and material evidence.
The project “Medieval Smyrna/Izmir” probes the question as to how the city of Smyrna and its hinterland developed from its last heydays under Byzantine rule in the 13th century to the Ottoman conquest in the 15th century. During this period, the western coastland of Asia Minor underwent not only substantial environmental change but also profound political, cultural, and religious transformations, in the course of which Byzantine-Christian institutions, structures, and elites were gradually superseded by Muslim-Turkish entities and eventually absorbed into the nascent Ottoman Empire. The project examines this multilayered process through an interdisciplinary approach combining historical geography with methods of social and economic history and archaeology. It combines key components of Byzantine-Turkish transformation with broader archaeological questions concerning long-term patterns of settlement and human agency shaping the region’s entire medieval period. These axes of investigation will revolve around five thematic subunits, namely (a) environment, land use, economic practices, (b) political ideology, government, institutions, (c) urban life, (d) suburban and rural life; (e) religious spaces and practices. In this way, the project aspires to achieve a comprehensive reconstruction of transformative processes, which includes both material aspects of living conditions and the symbolic universe of different population groups.
The archaeological research, designed and organized by Myrto Veikou, will document currently existing material evidence of historical habitation, thus promoting future collaborations in the field of Byzantine archaeology in Anatolia. It will be conducted through a broad collaboration of international scholars from Sweden, Turkey, Netherlands and Greece, including a team from the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History of Uppsala University (Prof. Lars Karlsson, Dr Axel Frejman, Görkem Çimen).
The historical research, conducted by Univ. Prof. Dr. Alexander Beihammer (Cooperation Partner, University of Notre Dame, IN) and Dr. Despoina Ariantzi (Scientific Employee, Austrian Academy of Science, Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research) aims to produce a transposable case study of socio-cultural transformation, which will help elucidate similar processes in other parts and periods of the Mediterranean up to modern times.
Spatial quests of a ‘Byzantine Dhāt al-Himma’ in an ‘Arabic Digenis’ – Retracing connections among cross border warriors in epic songs
Myrto Veikou
This research is part of the project Retracing Connections that deals with the ‘long eleventh century’ (ca. 950 – ca. 1100 CE). It explores the degree and nature of cultural affinity and intellectual exchange between Byzantines and Muslims, based on the comparative study of two works of different ethnic background yet belonging to similar genres of popular literature (oral songs): the Byzantine poem Digenis Akritis and the Arab Epic of the Holy Warriors. Both works were composed rather later (12th–13th c.) but they seem to have integrated ‘digested’ developments of previous centuries. They have story-worlds stretching across the ‘long eleventh century’ and later periods and they also share the narrative of the border /frontier as a space of interaction between Byzantines and Arabs in the period of military conflict (7th-10th centuries). Their common narrative space has already been considered as a literary feature which can be considered as sign of direct linkages between the creations of the two works. By their genre the two texts also share a strong sense of orality and performativity, in relation to respective cultural features that are common to both the Greek and the Arab pasts. In this project, ‘spatial telling’ is scrutinized as an intercultural device in storytelling and as a feature of the construction of a recognizable Orthodox/Byzantine storyworld during the ‘long eleventh century’. Taking into consideration all aforementioned aspects of the two songs, the analysis of their narrative worlds is used as the main device for their comparative study with the help of combined methodology from narratological and spatial studies.
‘Spatial quests’ contributes to the project’s main thematic objective by investigating: (a) the degree to which ‘spatial’ storytelling was a common medieval ‘language’ shared with mid-eastern cultures or more of a Byzantine-Christian ‘idiosyncrasy’ springing from the classical past; (b) whether the early medieval epic can be included among those secular narratives which constructed a recognizable Orthodox/Byzantine storyworld; (c) the degree to which elements of the Arabic epic tradition were borrowed by the Byzantines in that direction, through cultural interaction. This research also contributes to Retracing Connections’s main methodological objective to bridge narratological, rhetorical, and linguistic aspects of Byzantine culture and develop a new dialogic language for Byzantium in a modern world still fractured into groups (regions and states that claim direct inheritance to Byzantium and others that see themselves only as heirs in more indirect manner). By refining the degree of cultural affinity between two contemporary texts of similar genre, as far as it can be traced through the narration of spatial aspects of their storyworlds, this research elaborates on questions around cultural fusion and identities in medieval Mediterranean literary production and its heirs.
Munkar, monarken och ett Berg: bysantiniska berättelser, rum och politik i översättning
Milan Vukašinović
First strand of this project focuses on the spatial and narrative practices that shaped the liminal space of Mount Athos, one of the liveliest centres of narrative transfers in the Byzantine world. Looking at the storyworlds constructed in the documents from the Athonite archives and in notable literary narratives produced by these monastic communities or translated/rewritten in their midst, the project explores the qualities of this pluralistic and ‘extraterritorial’ space, while also reconsidering modern historiographical practice and national appropriations of pluralistic spaces and storyworlds. The second strand examines the narrative, spatial and ideological worldmaking in Greek and Slavonic hagiographical traditions, based on the core texts of the research programme Retracing Connections Byzantine Storyworlds in Greek, Arabic, Georgian, and Old Slavonic (c. 950 – c. 1100). It studies the narrative transformations of complex relations between the characters of monks and sovereigns in works including Barlaam and Ioaspah, Life of Saint Theodore of Edessa, Life of Saint Athanassios of Athos and Lives of Saint Sava of Serbia.
Stoisk retorik (Vetenskapsrådet)
David Westberg
Stoicismen, ett av Västerlandets grundläggande filosofiska arv, är mest bekant för sina bidrag till logik, etik och i viss mån litterär kritik. Vi saknar emellertid en fullödig studie av stoisk retorisk teori. Syftet med projektet Stoisk retorik är att tydliggöra vilken roll stoisk retorisk teori spelade, i synnerhet inom den stoiska filosofin som sådan (ca 300 f.Kr.–200 e.Kr.) men också med avseende på receptionen av stoisk retorik i senare retorisk teori (fram till ca 300 e.Kr.). De huvudfrågor som tas upp i projektet är: Vilken roll spelade retorisk teori inom stoisk filosofi? Hur hanterade stoikerna retorik i praktiken? På vilket sätt inkluderades efterföljande retoriska traditioner av stoisk retorik? Stoikerna uppfattade retoriken som en underavdelning till logiken och som parallell med dialektiken och den delade ämnen och metoder med dessa. Hur, när och varför delas de upp? Vilket är retorikens förhållande till andra stoiska teorier om mänskliga uttrycksformer, såsom musikteori, poetik och lingvistik?
Laying Down the Law: the Poetics of Plato’s Nomoi
Claudia Zichi
The main aim of Laying Down the Law: the Poetics of Plato’s Nomoi is to provide a new understanding of Plato’s own definition of ‘poetry’ in the Laws, and to investigate the unavoidable yet evasive relationship existing between law and literature. Perhaps due to its length and the topic it discusses, Laws was long not treated as a properly literary work. Still, the conversation carried out by the three elders is explicitly defined as ‘poetry’: as I looked now to the speeches we have been going through from dawn until present, … they seemed to me to have been spoken in a way that resembles in every respect a kind of poetry. (Laws 811c6–10). The dialogue deals primarily with the establishment of ‘correct’ moral teachings, which are meant to instil in the citizens a desire to correctly perform the newly laid-down constitution. References to earlier poetic sayings and teachings generally abound in Plato’s works, but given that Laws has less of these than other dialogues, the idea is to seek its ‘poeticness’ in more implicit aspects of the text, such as rhetorical devices, literary images, myths, poetic vocabulary and textual architecture. Starting from a philological approach, the project proposes a systematic investigation of the narrative and literary style of Laws.